Becketts Endgame Essay - 2792 Words

Becketts Endgame While Beckett’s works are often defined by their existentialist themes, Endgame seems to offer no solution to the despair and melancholia of Hamm, Clov, Nagg, and Nell. The work is replete with overdetermination that confounds the efforts of critics and philosophers to construct a single, unified theme for the play. Beckett resisted any effort to reconcile the problems of his world, offer solutions, or quench any fears overtly. However, this surface level of understanding that aligns Beckett with the pessimism of the Modernist movement is ironically different from the symbolic understanding that Beckett promotes through his characters and the scene. Beckett’s work does not suggest total hopelessness,†¦show more content†¦All that loveliness! [Pause.] Hed snatch away his hand and go back into his corner. Appalled. All he had seen was ashes. [Pause.] He alone had been spared. [Pause.] Forgotten. [Pause.] It appears the case is ...was not so...so unusual. (En dgame 2474) Hamm and Clov seem entirely like the madman depicted here, and Hamm’s suggestion that the condition is typical says that Hamm and Clov are experiencing this psychosis. Clov sees the same nothingness when he looks out of the window, declaring everything to be â€Å"corpsed† (Endgame 2469). Beckett also deliberately associates psychosis with art: the madman was a painter—and engraver (Engame 2474). This suggests that in the context of conflict in the post-war world, a â€Å"desert† (Engame 2467) of creativity amongst artists is especially dangerous, because we fail to recover and reconstruct a new world with some meaning. The use of storytelling to pass the time and remember the past is common in Endgame, but it never satisfies the characters and it fails to kill the sense of despair. Beckett also remarks on the power of art as Clov takes down the picture hanging on the wall shortly after Clov informs Hamm that there are no more painkillers. In this sense, art seems to supply some hope and inspiration in life. Beckett suggests that art in as far as it represents independent creation can dramatically overhaul the world. The allegory of ModernismShow MoreRelated Codependency in Samuel Becketts Endgame Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesCodependency in Samuel Becketts Endgame Clov asks, What is there to keep us here? Hamm answers, The dialogue. In the play Endgame, Samuel Beckett demonstrates dramatically the idea of codependency between the two focal characters who rely on each other to fulfill their own physical and psychological needs. Beckett accomplishes this through Hamm, who assumes the identity of a kingly figure, and his relationship with Clov, who acts as his subject. In Endgame, this idea is establishedRead More Power Play in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame Essays2114 Words   |  9 PagesPower Play in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame In a shelter devoid of sunlight and laughter, the family in Samuel Beckett’s Endgame all struggle to find their niches within their world. Central to the play physically and emotionally, Hamm has the ability to make the others revolve around him. Clov, physically the healthiest in the family, has a power that even Hamm could not define until very late in the play. Nagg and Nell, the elderly parents of Hamm, hold the power of memories. Although some charactersRead MoreEssay on Endgame and Act Without Words1384 Words   |  6 PagesEndgame and Act Without Words Beckett: Endgame Hamm is horrofied at the notion that existence is a recurring matter and therefore is cyclic; that beginnings and endings (60- 62) may be amalgamated in the grand scheme of things and that life will start afresh again. Nevertheless, the contradictions confuse his desires. He is terrified of the flea and rat that Clov finds and wants to exterminate them in case humanity might start from there all over again, but he also suggests that heRead MoreEndgame by Samuel Beckett824 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of theatrical absurdity. Beckett’s effortless writings over the years, created a unique dramatic persona in his plays that won him the Noble Peace prize. After receiving one of the highest awards known to humanity, he kept a low profile. This period alludes to the satisfaction of reaching his peak. Yet, in his later work, the Endgame makes a direct correlation with the satisfaction of making your peak a plateau. He creates a philosophical predicament in the Endgame of trying to discover the trueRead More Beckett, Brecht and Endgame Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesBeckett, Brecht and Endgame      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Irish playwright Samuel Beckett is often classified amongst Absurdist Theatre contemporaries Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, Jean Genet, and Eugene Ionesco (Brockett 392-395). However, Endgame, Becketts second play, relates more closely to the theatrical ideology of German playwright Bertolt Brecht, father of epic theatre and the alienation effect. Through the use of formal stage conventions, theatrical terminology, and allusions to Shakespearean textsRead MoreA Connection Between Existence And Absence2238 Words   |  9 Pagesdiminished sense of self-esteem. Not until the time we lack the ability to perform the things we want, do we feel the absence and thus wish for their existence. This is so because we have a humane nature of taking everything for granted. In his play Endgame, Beckett uses many absurd elements to make a connection between existence and absence. Throughout his characters Clov and Hamm, Beckett uses each of them to demonstrate their inco mpleteness and thus the need to seek the help of one other in orderRead MoreSamuel Beckett : Theatre Of The Absurd And Beckett s Use Of The Literary Concept1071 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Beckett: Theatre of the Absurd and Beckett’s Use of the Literary Concept Samuel Beckett’s works revolve around human despair and surviving in hopeless situations. His very first critical essay was Finnegans Wake. Much of his work is inspired by French philosophers. One of the most influential philosophers on Beckett was Descartes. Samuel Beckett gained his claim to fame in the writing community when he introduced the concept of absurdity, nihilism, and human despair to find the meaning ofRead More Technology and Beckett’s Play, Krapp’s Last Tape1167 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology and Beckett’s Play, Krapp’s Last Tape â€Å"bois seul bouffe brà »le crà ªve seul comme devant les absents sont morts les prà ©sents puent sors tes yeux dà ©tourne-les sur les roseaux se taquinent-ils ou les aà ¯s pas la peine il y a le vent et l’à ©tat de veille†[1][1] -Samuel Beckett, Untitled As an avant-garde writer and a trend starter, Beckett was intensely in touch with his own time and its most significant realities, one of which beingRead MoreSamuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot, Endgame, And Not I2331 Words   |  10 Pagespurpose and meaning in a chaotic and uncaring world, and to the playwright Samuel Beckett it is no different. In the works Waiting for Godot, Endgame, and Not I, Samuel Beckett uses elements of nihilism, pessimism, and absurdity to find humor in day-to-day existence, as well as the relationships between the self and others. Before one can analyze Beckett’s work, one must first understand the meanings of nihilism, pessimism, and absurdity in regard to Beckett himself. Nihilism is a term often attributedRead More Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse Dealers Daughter1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse Dealers Daughter      Ã‚   The three stories, The Endgame (Beckett), The Dumbwaiter (Pinter), and The Horse Dealers Daughter (Lawrence) all deal with the themes of repression, repetition, and breakdowns in communication. The stories show us the subjectivity of language and exemplify the complexities of the human condition.    Samuel Beckett arrived on earth in Ireland on Good Friday, April 13, 1906. He then

From Childhood to Adulthood in Updikes AP Essay

From Childhood to Adulthood in Updikes AP Sammy is stuck in that difficult transition between childhood and adulthood. He is a nineteen-year-old cashier at an AP, the protagonist in a story with the same name. John Updike, the author of AP, writes from Sammys point of view, making him not only the main character but also the first person narrator. The tone of the story is set by Sammys attitude, which is nonchalant but frank--he calls things as he sees them. There is a hint of sarcasm in Sammys thoughts, for he tends to make crude references to everything he observes. Updike uses this motif to develop the character of Sammy, as many of these references relate to the idea of play. Sammy is no longer a child, but much of†¦show more content†¦Sammys play continues as he his eyes follow the three girls around the store, and he notes the way that the one he has named Queenie is definitely the leader. She would buzz to the other two, who kind of huddled against her for relief (28). Sammy sees this as a game of follow-the-leader as well as a game of hide-and-seek, because, as Queenie led them, the other two [would] peek around and make their shoulders round (27). Sammy is shallow and sexist in the way he has named these young women according to his first impression of their bodies and behaviors. Patrick W. Shaw notes that Sammy knows what is on each aisle in the store and constantly thinks of what is inside bottles, cans, and jars; but he has no idea what is inside the girls, no sensitivity to their psychology or sexual subtlety. His awareness stops with their sweet cans and ice-cream breasts (322). Sammy further demonstrates his childishness and chauvinism by commenting on the mental abilities of the girls: You never know for sure how girls minds work (do you really think its a mind in there or just a little buzz like a bee in a glass jar?) (27). This comment ironically lets the reader know more about the way Sammys mind works. Shaw agrees, suggesting that Sammys mind is even less than a bee in a jar (322). Sammy is still absorbed in thinking about the games he played as a cild and maybe even in the present. HeShow MoreRelatedEssay on John Updikes AP865 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Updikes AP Many of the events that take place in John Updikes AP would not have happened had the town lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is a socio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of the community and is characterized by not having any social class distinctions. The division of Classes in AP is very apparent, especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator, and the three girls, one of the three antagonists, who walk into the storeRead MoreA P By John Updike And Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?885 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short stories â€Å"AP† by John Updike and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates, both authors tell of story of transitioning from childhood to adulthood. Sammy, from Updike’s story, is a nineteen year old boy whose parents got him a job as a cashier at the local AP. Connie, from Oates’ story, is a pretty, blonde, fifteen year old girl who has an almost narcissistic attitude as she has a habit of constantly checking herself and comparing herself to others. Both of theseRead MoreJohn Updike s A P1290 Words   |  6 Pageswith friends. While transitioning from childhood to adulthood there are many â€Å"disruptions† a person will face. A disruption meaning anything that strays from the norm of everyday life. Disruptions are fundamental because people do not realize how a single disruption can alter someone’s perspective on life. John Updike’s short story A P reveals how important it is to have disruptions through the character Sammy. Sammy is a cashier at a store known as the A P and it can be assumed that Sammy isRead MoreHuman Oppressiveness in Two Kinds and AP Essay2357 Words   |  10 Pagesdetailed look of Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP,† you will find that this quote is entirely applicable in the context of oppressiveness and in the likeness of â€Å"coming of age.† These two stories document the different perspectives of two characters’ growing up and how the role of the invisible hand of oppression guides developing ad olescents into mature adults; without prejudice or even forethought. The characters in question are: Sammy, an AP store clerk whose time spent at work revealsRead MoreA P By John Updike2027 Words   |  9 Pagessymbolism to convey the message of choices and consequences of his characters. After reading the short story â€Å"AP† by John Updike I came to realize the strong message behind the narrative. The story focuses on articulating a teen-aged boy who becomes aware of his true inner feelings and the value in society. A boy named Sammy, who happens to be working in a grocery store as a cashier, narrates â€Å"AP†. It happens to be summer in a somewhat conservative town when Sammy sees three young girls walk into hisRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesarranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to be the representation of characters in action, though as we wil l see the action involved can be internal

Christmas is a good holiday for many reasons. Ther Essay Example For Students

Christmas is a good holiday for many reasons. Ther Essay e are reasons that exist that make Christmas a bad holiday, but for the most part it is a wonderful time of year. Millions of people around the world will agree that Christmas is one of the most fun and exciting holidays. Christmas is a good holiday because students get a vacation from school, people get to exchange gifts with friends and family, and people get to spend time with their families. Those three reasons, among others, help to make Christmas one of the best holidays. First of all, Christmas is a good holiday because students get a vacation from school. While not in school, students have no homework. That really helps to make the holidays more enjoyable. With no school, students have no reason to get up early so they can stay out late and sleep late in the morning. When Christmas comes around, it means that the school year is half over. If a student has done well the first semester, he or she is sure to survive the second semester. Next, people get to exchange gifts with friends and family. Exchanging gifts is always fun because people receive new things. Who couldnt enjoy something that was given to them free. Also, people get to give gifts to their friends and family. Giving gifts always gives people that warm happy feeling inside. The most enjoyable part is seeing the gifts that people gave being opened by the people receiving them. That always puts a smile on peoples faces. Last but not least, people get to spend time with family. Some of the family may not have been seen in a long time so it puts everyone in a good mood to finally see them. Being with family is fun and helps make the holidays more enjoyable. One thing that many families may find interesting is sharing stories. Telling stories always helps relieve the stress that the holidays can produce. As anyone can tell from the preceding reasons, Christmas is a great time of year. Getting a vacation from school, exchanging gifts with friends and family, and spending time with family all make the hassle of Christmas worthwhile. The reasons that make Christmas a bad time of year are just not good enough to out- weigh the good ones. Christmas is the best holiday!

Strategic Analysis Dell Inc

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Analysis Dell Inc. Answer: Introduction Dell Inc. is an American multinational, founded in the year 1984. The company is into computer and related products. Dell is also moving into new areas such as cybersecurity and data center design and management, and letting those new units operate more autonomously. The company has a revenue of $54 billion and it has close to100000 employees. Dell Inc. is in the elaboration stage of organizational lifecycle. In this stage part of the organization many split or be reformed such as Dell is doing (Bull Jobstvogt, 2016). Since this is so, this explains the process Dell is going through by seeing there are problems and producing formal solutions and controls to safeguard the organizations. Dell has its subsidiaries in various markets. The objective of this paper is to discuss the strategic analysis framework for one of the subsidiary of Dell Inc. The paper would discuss various internal and external factors that affects Dell Inc. in Indian market. It would include the factors like PEST, SWOT, etc. Based on the strategic analysis, the paper also discusses some of the recommendations for Dell Inc. in Indian market. Strategic Analysis Framework The decision to return Dell back to the companys entrepreneurial roots by affording divisions a level of autonomy similar to start-up companies could be seen as a wise move based on strategic decision making by founder Michael Dell. The PEST analysis for Dells subsidiary in Indian market can be discussed as: PEST analysis The factors under the PEST analysis can be discussed as: Political Legal: The political and legal factors are positive for Dell Inc. as governments want that the companies in computer and IT sector to grow as it would mean more job opportunities in the region (Cricelli Greco, 2013). India is a developing country and current government is pro development. The Indian government has opened its arms for foreign players. Economic: The economic factors are positive and it is expected that the economy of developed and developing nations would continue to grow at decent growth rate. It is expected that Indian economy would continue to grow at a CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) of 6% (Kiron Kruschwitz, 2013). Social: Today, laptops have emerged as a necessity for different people. Therefore, the social factors can be termed as positive. In India, the laptop has become a necessity product for high class people, students and upper middle class. It is expected that the penetration of laptop would further increase in the Indian market. Technological: There has been several advancements in IT industry. The technology factors are positive for players in this industry. However, the only factor of concern is the low product life. India has seen various technological advancements and it is expected that the technological factors would remain positive for Dell in India market. SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis for Dell Inc. India subsidiary can be discussed as: 2.2.1 STRENGTHS The ability to provide customized laptops with minimum lead time. The effective and efficient supply chain that helps Dell to optimize its cost of operation be it in any part of the world The strong legacy of Dell and its brand name in the market The cost leadership advantage that Dell has in various markets 2.2.2 WEAKNESSES It seems to me that Dell, Inc. is an organization in the midst of what Daft (2015) described as the elaboration stage. One of major weaknesses of Dell is its internal bureaucracy. Another weakness of the company is limited visibility of mid-level management in the organizations. 2.2.4 THREATS The biggest threat for Dell is the threat from competition like HP and Sony. HP and Sony are big name in Indian market and captures a good amount of market. There also exists threat from the external factors like legal factors in different regions, the government regulations, fluctuating market conditions, etc. There also exists some threat from the suppliers as they can increase the cost of raw material (Cricelli Greco, 2013) Another threat is the low switching cost of customers. Indian consumers are price sensitive and they have less brand loyalty 2.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES Huge opportunity of standard products in emerging markets: When Dell first come out it only offered products that were custom built and had to be ordered direct from Dell. Although this strategy worked well at the onset, consumers often do not want to wait and are happy with the off-the-self model that could be found in their local area at retailers even it is a limited selection as it competitors have. Porter five forces analysis The five forces analysis for computer and electronics industry can be discussed as: Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers is average. The companies like Dell has the options to choose from number of suppliers. At the same time, there also exists some threat from the suppliers as they can increase the cost of raw material. Dell does not have its suppliers base in India. However, it has to source materials form its international supplier base. Bargaining power of buyers: The bargaining power of buyer is high as customer switching cost is very low. Indian consumers are price sensitive and they have less brand loyalty. They would easily switch to HP or Sony or any other brand, Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants is average. The entry barriers are limited. However, it is difficult to achieve the scale of large companies like Dell and HP (Colombo, 2016). Threat of substitutes: The threat of substitute is high in this industry. In recent times, the tablets and mobile phones have emerged as biggest substitute to laptops. The mobile penetration is very high in Indian market. There are few segments Indian consumers who would often want to have mobile phone or tablet with an Internet connection rather than a laptop. Industry rivalry: The industry rivalry is high in the industry. The competition is really in this industry. HP and Sony are big name in Indian market and captures a good amount of market. Four corner analysis Porter's four corners model is a predictive tool designed by Michael Porter that helps in determining a competitor's course of action. The four corner of Porters four models can be discussed as: 2.4.1 Motivation Drivers This helps in determining competitor's action by understanding their goals and current position. A gap between these two would mean that competitor is likely to reach to the external threats. A narrow gap could mean that competitor would have a defensive strategy (David David, 2014). In Indian context, the gap is high as HP is one of the largest player in Indian market. 2.4.2 Motivation Management Assumptions This corner focuses on perception of competitor about its strengths and weaknesses, culture, belief and goals, etc. (Landoni Dell'Era, 2016). Dell India is a known player in Indian laptop market; however, it cannot ignore the competition as competition is high. 2.4.3 Actions Strategy It means the strategy with which the competitor is operating in the market. It could be cost leadership strategy, product differentiation or any other strategy. The players like Apple and Sony focuses on product differentiation in Indian market. The players like HP, Lenovo focuses on cost leadership in Indian market. 2.4.4 Actions capabilities It means the ability of competitor to respond to external threats and external forces. The competitors like HP, IBM, Apple are big names that can address external threats very swiftly. These companies have deep pockets and high risk appetite to keep continue in the Indian market (Gormley, 2010). Value chain analysis The value chain for Dell Inc. can be shown as: Dell being in the elaboration stage; which is a do or die stage for most organizations. As they are pressured to adjust to the industry overall as a whole the organizations have taken a major hit on the side of profitability. In this stage of elaboration this is critical because of the moral of the company. Management may be challenged to adjust to a more organic style of management, which would be great however, it may be too late for Dell, Inc. However, they could try the collectivity stage where its the responsibility of leaders and marketing managers to take all the people together (Purkayastha, 2016). It is important to mention that revisiting the vision and the mission may require if Dell changes its product lines. The marketing activities at Dell can also change based on the vision and mission and this can only be successful if top level management are open to the input from its lower level employees. Recommendations The key recommendations for Dell Inc. can be discussed as: Dell should certainly increase its focus in the emerging markets. Trying a new market such as corporate mighty be a good experience however, with HP as a competitor its going to be difficult to keep up (David David, 2014). Dell India is doing good and it is recommended that Dell Inc. should increase its focus on its Indian subsidiary. It is recommended that Dell India must continue its path of cost leadership. The customers in the Indian market are cautious about the pricing of the product. Therefore, a good strategy for Dell India in Indian market would be to use the cost leadership strategy. Dell must invest on its research and development. In this industry, the product lifecycle is low and every year there are new and upgraded products in the market. It is critical to keep an eye on the emerging markets and then develop the firm level strategy (Abraham, 2013). Conclusion The above paper discusses the strategic analysis for Dell India. The Dell Inc. scenario is a good example of a company that had great performance when the personal computer was introduced. However, it appears that the company was having internal struggles with the demands regarding the growth of the computer industry. The paper highlights that firms must have a control over its internal factors and a close watch over the external factors. Dell, Inc. by seeing this lack of alignment between its structure and process, decided to be flexible by changing its structure. That might be the best chance Dell has to get ahead of its larger tech rivals like HP. It is important that Dell must continue its strategy and focus to keep moving forward in the tough market condition. References Abraham, S. (2013). Will business model innovation replace strategic analysis?.Strategy Leadership,41(2), 31-38. Bull, J. W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., ... Carter-Silk, E. (2016). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework.Ecosystem services,17, 99-111. Colombo, G., DellEra, C., Frattini, F., Landoni, P. (2016). Understanding virtual knowledge brokers and their differences with traditional ones.International Journal of Innovation Management,20(01), 1650015. David, M. E., David, F. R., David, F. R. (2014). Mission statement theory and practice: A content analysis and new direction.International Journal of Business, Marketing Decision Science,7(1), 95-110. Greco, M., Cricelli, L., Grimaldi, M. (2013). A strategic management framework of tangible and intangible assets.European Management Journal,31(1), 55-66. Gormley, T. A. (2010). The impact of foreign bank entry in emerging markets: Evidence from India.Journal of Financial Intermediation,19(1), 26-51. Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., Reeves, M., Goh, E. (2013). The innovation bottom line.MIT Sloan Management Review,54(3), 1. Landoni, P., Dell'Era, C., Ferraloro, G., Peradotto, M., Karlsson, H., Verganti, R. (2016). Design Contribution to the Competitive Performance of SMEs: The Role of Design Innovation Capabilities.Creativity and Innovation Management,25(4), 484-499. Purkayastha, A., Sharma, S. (2016). Gaining competitive advantage through the right business model: analysis based on case studies.Journal of Strategy and Management,9(2), 138-155.

How to Write Philosophy Essay Guide Tips - Bestessay4u

Writing a winning philosophy essay might not sound hard or complicated, a lot of caution needs to be taken to avoid mistakes that could cost you good grades. In philosophy essay writing, you need to demonstrate your understanding of the question, your arguments and answers to the given question using philosophical theories and questioning. Is there existence of a higher power? What is reality? Am I objective? These are some of the critical questions that a philosophy essay might have to answer. This explains why many philosophical essay questions demand proper demonstration of your understanding of the subject by means of well-explained talk points. Getting Started What Is a Philosophy Essay? In writing a philosophy essay, your intention is to convince a reader with your points. As such, you should be able to provide your arguments in a single and a clear statement. Otherwise, if you do not state your arguments coherently, the reader is forced to believe that you do not have a clear understanding of the topic. It is also is very difficult to provide a compelling conclusion when the reader does not understand your point of view. Philosophy essays are thus a medium in which you express your opinion backing up with facts and philosophical theories. How to Start a Philosophy Essay? Whatever you decide to support, introducing your topic should not merely start with your views. You should clearly state your stance to the reader, outlining clearly why you support the theory or argument. There are a few ways you can use to start your essay, but you should always ensure that you suggest your talking points and give reasons why you are arguing from that point of view. What a Philosophy Essay Introduction? In the introductory part of the essay, you should also give a clear outline of what you are going to talk about in the paper, and why you think it will have an impact. You can do it in the form of short but precise reasons to why you think your argument has a basis. This can also be achieved by direct skimming through the points that you will use as the basis of arguments. How to Write a Good Philosophy Essay? To write a compelling essay, there are a few steps to bear in mind. First, you need to read the question well to understand what is required of it. Since a philosophy essay depends on your view to show your understanding, you need to be very keen when reading the question so as to understand it properly. Does the question require you to synthesize, analyze or give arguments for or against the subject? Here, terms such as critically examine, give your opinion, expound or show your understanding should not be confused with each other. â€Å"To distinguish,† for example, is different from â€Å"to differentiate† as the former requires you to give the definitions of the terms to show how they are dissimilar from each other while the latter demands you to examine the characteristics to illustrate the differences. The key concepts in the question should also be checked at. Such things as the theories proposed and the approaches play a major role in the direction of your argument. Tips and Tricks for Writing a Compelling Philosophy Essay Body The wrong understanding of the question makes your body of work null and void no matter how well your arguments and talking points might be. Ensure you organize your ideas logically and systematically. To assemble your points well, you need to create an outline since you will be able to note any problems with your essay. For example, if your ideas are not systematically following each other, you might reconsider rearranging them. Different ideas should be explained in separate paragraphs ensuring to create consistency. Ideas that are similar need to follow each other or to be used to argue a fact in corresponding paragraphs. You should also use conjunctions to create a smooth flow of ideas making it easy to read your piece. You need to maintain your readers’ attention so that they understand your whole point of view as you move towards the end of the write-up. Creating a Proper Layout Coming Up with a Good Philosophy Essay Outline Think over intriguing arguments that ensure your essay is succinct and also appealing to the eye of the reader. Just as mentioned above, you should use clear statements to disclose your argument and keep the reader informed of what you are trying to prove. A layout is what creates a roadmap or a basis on how you will outline your facts. Creating a good one can be achieved with the use of a hook, for example, ‘This academic paper aims to propose†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ or any other statement that will set the pace of your discussion. What Is a Good Philosophy Essay Structure? Your structure should incorporate both your introduction, where you outline your ideas and your main body where you argue out ideas. This should be followed by a conclusion that summarises the points, statements of theories or possible reasons. Show your understanding of the question and use proper theories to explain your arguments. To show the reader that you understand the question, avoid vague expressions and statements. This can be done by being brief but clear when explaining your points. Of course, it does not mean that you should give very short comments, but also avoid being too descriptive as it will lead to providing unnecessary information. Here Is a Great Way to Write a Philosophy Essay Conclusion Your conclusion should summarize your talk points or at least synthesize some theories that try to explain possible outcomes from your arguments. This enables the reader to understand your proposition and agree with your view. To create good observations, questions asked through the papers should be answered with either backed up evidence. Philosophy Essay Tips and Tricks You Need to Have You might not be able to expound enough on how to write philosophy essays but here is a general guideline to ensure that you do not get lost. A philosophy essay should not be confused with an academic paper because you are required to write a research paper neither your impressions or feelings but a defence to a reasoned thesis. Presentation of evidence is also necessary, and it is best if you assume the reader knows a lot about your subject and is arguing against; hence you need to convince them with concrete arguments. Give enough arguments instead of picking small points that support your view. The ‘fortress approach,’ as it is referred to makes your essay low-cut thus not convincing. Keep track of your arguments and let the reader also be able to follow you along, using many arguments also easily make you lose your reader. Use only strong, compelling arguments as weak ones make an impression of the lack of knowledge on the subject. Value depth more than breadth. This means that it is better to focus on fewer points and develop enough conviction for your reader than rely on many unclear statements as they are unconvincing. Give focus and attention to detail on your paper to show the reader that you are keen and know what you are talking about. This also enables you to write without confusing your arguments and running to wrong conclusions. Avoid typos, grammatical errors and other general mistakes. Since a philosophical paper is an academic piece of writing, avoid simple but costly typos and errors. Citations should also be included to ensure your work is not considered plagiarised and references written properly. Science is cumulative, and thus you might need to refer to someone else’s work which is moral but ensure proper citation and references is used. Are you interested in writing a philosophy paper that is not just comprehensive, but also compelling enough? We can help you do this. Our expert essay writers have years of experience in offering quality work. Buy essay papers online or get essay writing help from us at a discounted price. Call us today!

Texoil Negotiation Essay Example

Texoil Negotiation Essay Example Texoil Negotiation Paper Texoil Negotiation Paper Value based pricing was going to be the key, I thought, from the moment I looked at the Texoil case as the service station owner. From my perspective, the owners not only owned the station, but had acquired a loyal customer base. They had knowledge of the regional environment. They themselves were part of the reason the station was successful. My contention was that if Texoil built a station without them, it would be both risky and potentially unsuccessful. Based on the above value analysis, my partner and I decided that the total value of the station was: the cost of a new building for Texoil plus lost revenues during construction plus the lifetime value of previously acquired customers plus the risk reduction of a failed venture – a total of two million dollars. We knew that the above figure was quite high, and we planned to come out quickly and anchor the discussion there with our supporting evidence. [1] Since the preliminary analysis showed it would cost Texoil 650k to build and 553k was our minimum desired selling price, our goal was to walk away with any deal above 650k. I was open to thinking creatively about a deal that was not all-cash. [2] We recognized quickly that our BATNA so-so. If we sold for 400k it might be enough to pay for the sailboat, but it would not be enough to live on later. However, we realized that even in this worst case scenario, the boat could be sold upon returning in order to finance subsequent expenses. It wasn’t perfect but it was palatable. Ultimately, a deal that beat 400k would also work, but it would be leaving value on the table. Looking forward to the negotiation, we knew the Texoil rep would remark on the fact that we had been running ads in the newspaper. We felt that this was a disadvantage as it made us look desperate to sell. We wanted Texoil to think our BATNA was not only another offer but also continuing to enjoy running the station. The concocted story was: we started running the ads after we got an ‘out of the blue’ offer by a large competitor. We were SO surprised by this generous offer that we decided to go fishing to see what other interest was out there, though we had by no means decided that we wanted to sell. Process My partner and I as well as the Texoil rep spent some time getting acquainted and exchanging pleasantries. Relationship building before a negotiation is a key to successful outcomes. [3] He asked us why we were selling, and we trotted out our planned back story. A silence came over the discussion, and my partner proceeded to share our estimated two-million-dollar valuation. The Texoil rep’s brow furrowed, he scribbled on his paper, and said that based on his analysis he could offer us 200k! I was taken aback. My first instinct was that he was re-anchoring low. For most of the subsequent negotiation I felt he was playing hard ball. I countered by returning to the value discussion. I elaborated once again about how starting a gas station in a tough region with plenty of competitors was not a slam dunk; that there was a risk of failing, and that was the reason to pay a premium. The Texoil rep nodded his head and said, I still don’t understand how you’re getting to two million. At this point, I realized we had been doing too much talking, and potentially giving up too much information. We hadn’t asked why Texoil was interested, what their assumptions were, what they were looking at? Not letting the opposition speak was a blunder. Unfortunately, however, the rep didn’t give much information away. I redirected the conversation. I said, â€Å"our data shows it would cost you at least 650k to build, plus the customer base. † So how in the world are you getting somewhere between 200k and 300k. This was a smart move, because it got him to acknowledge that indeed the price to build was 650k, but that was for a new facility, potentially with the convenience store. I said sure, but then you’re going to be competing against me, and you’ll lose. Clearly existing relationships matter. He said price matters more. We went back and forth a little. At this point, I introduced the idea of us having a partial stake in the gas station. The Texoil rep seemed to be more ok with that idea, but the percent was still low. We appealed to his honest side. â€Å"Look,† we said, â€Å"We started at two million, we’ve gone way down. Do you want a deal or not? † He admitted that he had a cap on his spend. He offered $450k. I said at that level we’ll need a 20% stake. We went back and forth and landed on $450k, 15% stake, and 40 hours of work between the two of us upon returning from the vacation. Learning About Self I believe I showed a couple key strengths in this negotiation. First, by continuing to re-center the discussion about value, we earned a higher ending agreement. [I believe we had one of the most favorable agreements in the class for the gas station proprietors. ] We were able to sell the Texoil rep on the concept that he needed us and the skillset we brought. When we got down to a number that worked for him, he was open to non-cash solutions. One of the challenges in this case was information asymmetry. Not knowing the opponents’ information, limitations, and whether they were just pulling our leg. After the rep brought up that $650k was the price including an entirely new station with a convenience store, plus new pumps, I realized we had to be willing to pivot down. We acknowledged that taking into account the store and new pumps, the number was at least 500k to build, and they still needed us or it wouldn’t be a successful business. Knowing when your value proposition is different than originally stated is another key to getting the deal made. At one point my partner said, â€Å"Do you want a deal or not? You approached us to buy the station, but it seems like you’re not actually interested. Are you? † That did elicit the reaction of, â€Å"well yeah. † I think this shows that sometimes, when you’re stuck, zooming out to the 10,000 ft level can be beneficial. The mistake I made during this negotiation was that I let my mouth run wild for too long at certain points. I need to be more conscious, and actively listen. One thing I’m proud of is that we were open to a lot of creative solutions that were non-cash based. This gets at my own decision making criteria, where I land somewhere between a â€Å"charismatic† and a â€Å"thinker. †[4] I like seeing both the big picture and seeing the data. The thinker side that relishes the data feed, in some ways is very challenged by the ambiguity of negotiation. In some ways you don’t always know if you got the best deal you could get. That’s hard as a thinker who wants to win. Having that â€Å"charismatic† side, however, helps in terms of creating the grand strategy; coming up with the value proposition. Maybe I don’t get the most perfect deal, but at least the conceptual thinking and game-plan is on solid footing. What would you do differently? I have two regrets. First, my partner and I should have listened more to the rep at the start of the conversation. He was great at letting us talk. It turned out he didn’t actually know much about the situation, so we played right into his hands. The second mistake was not creating some sort of hierarchy of who was chief negotiator or roles. We discussed our overall plan, and that we were setting our initial value at two million, but after he re-anchored at 200k, we were off our game. There were a few times when my partner said something that I wasn’t completely in agreement with, and probably vice versa. We ended up taking a break a little more than half way through to resettle and to discuss where we were at. This was partially due to frustration. In retrospect, this was a shrewd decision and could have been taken early. I think the lesson is, if the opponent is doing something unexpected, stop and think deeply or take a break. It doesn’t seem to hurt.

Political Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Political Philosophy - Essay Example Politics was the central point of the Philosophy. This science embodied the whole creative development and reflected the practical wisdom of the humankind. Kant is the most popular for his clear definition of Right and the role it plays in the society. He correlates Politics with the Right and the Right with the Morals. Kant worked at the developments in the field of the Science and the State... The great philosopher talks about Right as the highest moral value and bases the principles of Republic in accordance with the notion of the Natural Right. There is a need to reach the highest moral order in the Republic and the Laws should be an embodiment of the universal rule of justice. Therefore, Kant talks about correlation of Politics and Nature. There is a need to focus on the principles of Politics on the triggering forces of the humanity. In other words, it is relevant to correlate the principles of a natural struggle for the existence with the nature of the social forces. One of hi s main Doctrines is the following: â€Å"the groaning and travailing in pain of the whole creation,’ are consummated, pacified, and stilled in the highest political Good, which is Perpetual Peace realized in a universal Federation of Humanity within which all other human goods—Sociality, Religion, Art, Science—come to perfect flower and fruit† (van der Linden 1988, p. 32). In this claim it is evident that the philosopher reflected the basic principles of political reflections of the eighteenth century. The historical developments and international events led to the developments and a struggle for the principles of liberty, which have been considered in terms of different revolutions (Murphy, 2008). The political principles are resumed and condensed with the philosophical background of the ideas of the great philosophers, such as Aristotle, Locke, Kant and many others. Kant was much focused on the developments of political ideas and his ideals have often r emained underdeveloped and fragmentary ones. Kant developed his ideas with the help of the metaphysical method. Kantian Political Philosophy Kant was much focused on both theoretical and practical political philosophy. This great thinker treated Politics as the â€Å"metaphysics of morals† (Williams 1992, p. 388). He correlated human behavior with the developments of political philosophy. There is no doubt that an individual is the center and the main creator and developer of different laws and regulations. Kant was much concerned about â€Å"anthropology† and took into account the developments in cultural studies. The social and political philosophies of Kant are closely connected. There are two contrasting points in the developments of Kant’s philosophies: on the one hand, it is relevant to refer to the â€Å"rules of behavior in regard to free choice†, and on the other hand, it is relevant to take into account â€Å"the rule of knowledge† (Willi ams 1992, p. 240). The Metaphysics of Morals is divided into two main parts: the â€Å"Doctrine of Right† and the â€Å"Doctrine of Virtue†. The categorical imperative is the central issue for Kant. It should be noted, that this concept is discussed in a separate chapter in the paper further on.

Political Philosophy by Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Philosophy by Rousseau - Essay Example He is free only if he can express his interest and individuality. He said, â€Å"Each man in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody† (192). He was placing the individual in a responsible and responsive society that can create, run a government and participate in it. Collective decisions are the core of democracy, equality, liberty, fraternity. â€Å"As an ideal, the general will is, for Rousseau, a genuine universal†¦.It is the unity through which the addictive collection of wills gets its meaning,† Dyke (1969, p.23). Rousseau argues in favour of general will at every step. â€Å"The general will is the will of all when we are not thinking about our own selfish interests but about the general interest† Roberts (1997). . According to him if the laws of the land are good, it will reflect in the goodness of citizens and hence, the law is the root cause of good and bad both and so is highly significant. Especially the political, fundamental laws have to be wise and they connect the sovereign to people, one citizen to another, and connect the law to citizens. They also form the constitution of the state, which can wield power in every day life of the citizen. It is in the interest of all, it will affect all and rules all, and hence, participation of all is necessary. ... It is in the interest of all, it will affect all and rules all, and hence, participation of all is necessary. "Rousseau's theory has often been decried as too abstract and metaphysical. This is in many ways its great strength; but where it is excessively so, the accident of time is to blame" http://www.4literature.net/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau/The_Social_Contract/ He never talks of an individual without talking of collectivity. "The most basic convent, the social pact, is the agreement to come together and form a people, a collectivity"2.is "the real foundation of society," (p.59) and such general will must be "forced to be free" (64). His democracy is the most direct, extremely strong kind and it depended on the general will coming together frequently to make rules for themselves. They should identify each other and the common interests. We should remember that the states were smaller in those days. He did not want the common man to loosen his grip over the authority. "The constant will of all the members of the state is the general will; by virtue of it, they are citizens and free." He also says that liberty is impossible if the general will in majority ceases. "To renounce liberty is to renounce being a man, to surrender the rights of humanity and even it duties," he says on slavery and hence, making of law is the duty and right of the indi vidual. "This general will is supposed to represent the common good or public interest - and it is something that each individual has a hand in making. All citizens should participate - and should be committed to the general good - even if it means acting against their private or personal interests." http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htm Even though he calls sovereignty as inalienable and

Film Production Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Production - Movie Review Example This paper will look at the basic five elements of production such as image, time, motion, sound, composition among others that producers use to adapt the book to the screen using a true story based on a book. Image is one of the basic elements that producers consider in making films. From the film, it is evident that this aspect was given an upper hand in the process of pitching the book into a film. Formulating images of a film require capturing light and recording devices that are projected on a screen. Images plays a vital role in determining how the directors and producers will place the actors and objects on the screen. This shows that the producer of the film considered pitching the book out of the gate before making any step of negotiation. This stage enables the producer to read and review the book and determine if it can be presented for film production. Given that the book is based on a real life experience and is a survival story of a ship captain, it is easy for the producers to figure out scenes and images that can be incorporated in the film. Also, the book itself shows a story of adventure and courage that gives an upper hand to the producer to figure out the scenes and im ages that can give intimate details of the whole scenario. For instance, in the book, the captain outlines the adventure of the high seas, extreme temperatures, death threats and chances of escaping that can easily resonate with the scenes that should be incorporated in a film. Therefore, it is evident the producer considered scenes and images in the book before they made any step of getting the project in pure form without altering the content of the book (Regis, n.d). Also, the producers of the movie considered the time frame before coming up with the film. The diegetic time of the story lasts for 114 minutes to give the real story of what transpired when the

Reflecting on Practices in Medicine Administration

Reflecting on Practices in Medicine Administration The ability to become reflective in practice has become a necessary skill for health professionals. This is to ensure that health professionals are continuing with their daily learning and improving their practice. Reflective practice plays a big part in healthcare today and is becoming increasingly noticed. Administration of medicines is a key element of nursing care. Every day some 7000 doses of medication are administered in a typical NHS hospital (Audit Commission 2002). So throughout this essay I will be evaluating and highlighting the learning that took place whilst on placement at a day unit. Drug administration forms a major part of the clinical nurses role. Medicines are prescribed by the doctor and dispensed by the pharmacist but responsibility for correct administration rests with the registered nurse (OShea 1999). So as a student nurse this has become my duty and something that I need to practice and become competent in carrying it out. Each registered nurse is accountable for his/her practice. This practice includes preparing, checking and administering medications, updating knowledge of medications, monitoring the effectiveness of treatment, reporting adverse drug reactions and teaching patients about the drugs that they receive (NMC 2008). Accountability also goes for students, if at any point I felt I was not competent enough to dispensing a certain drug it would be my responsibility in speaking up and let the registered nurses know, so that I could shadow them and have the opportunity to learn help me in future practice and administration. The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Gibbs model of reflection incorporates the following: description, feelings, evaluation, and conclusion. (Gibbs 1988). The model will be applied to the essay to facilitate critical thought, relating theory to practice where the model allows. Discussion will include the knowledge underpinning practice and the evidence base for the clinical skill, that I have learnt and supporting this with available literature. Description The first stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of events. I was asked to administer a drug to a patient named in hereafter as Mrs. A for confidentiality purposes (NMC 2008).I had observed this clinical skill on a number of occasions and had previously administered medication under supervision. On this occasion I was being observed by two qualified nurses, one of which was my mentor. The drug had been dispensed and was ready to be administered and Mrs. A consented to have a student administer the medication. My mentor talked me through the procedure step by step, and informed me that they have struggled with Mrs. A and her compliance with medication before so I should keep an eye and ensure that she swallows her medication and that she does not keep it her mouth. The medication that Mrs. A is on is Clozapine. The decision to use clozapine is not taken lightly because of the potentially life threatening side effect. An awareness of side effects is important to primary care practitioners because they have most contact with the patients. I learnt that using anti-psychotics is just a component of a holistic approach to a patient with psychotic illness and that care should also include psychological treatments and social care. Mrs. A does not have any issue with the drug it self but with the staff, as she is in a very psychotic state. Service users have requested strategies from services providers to manage the risk of using psychiatric medication to inform their choice about which psychiatric medication to use (DOH,1999). However evidence suggests that, there is choice, but generally by practitioner experience (Hamann et al. 2005). In non compliance of medication I had to encourage Mrs. A to make her choice to take the medications and that it was in her care plan and as part of her treatment. A nurse who has built a good relationship with a patient by informing and empowering them will be in a strong position to have a non judgmental conversation with them about the importance of adherence (Mc Lellan. 2009). My thought and feelings I was aware of being under the supervision of two qualified nurses and this made me feel very nervous and self conscious and I had to ensure that I was doing everything correctly and that I made no errors. Once my mentor questioned my practice, concerning if I knew the side effects of the drug I was about to administer, I became even more aware of feeling nervous and under pressure. The patient was present and I did not want the patient to feel that I did not know what I was doing. So I had to ensure before administering that I was giving the medication to the right patient and at the correct dose that it was at the right time and route. All of these had to be done to guarantee that I am competent in my ability to administer medication under the supervision of a registered nurse. This also gave me the opportunity to carry out this task in order to achieve this so I could get it signed off by my mentor in my essentials skills cluster. The nurse patient relationship is by many considered the core of nursing. This can be done to build a good relationship and rapport with patients (Framer.et al 2001). When I was first orientated to the ward, I took it upon myself to read the patients notes so that I had more insight to the patients and their illness and index offences if any. After this I went and introduced myself to the patients because it is vital that the patients are aware of who I am and my status if I am to provide nursing care for them. (Berlo, 1960) puts great emphasis on dyadic communication, therefore stressing the role of the relationship between the source and the receiver as an important variable in the communication process. Evaluation Administering medication and how this combined with care, compassion and communication forms the bases of a holistic approach to care, and with the knowledge I got from supporting literature formed the foundation of my learning and practice. Burnard (2002) suggests that a learner is a passive recipient of received knowledge, and that learning through activity engages all of our senses. Reflective practice is becoming an essential skill that is incorporated into clinical practice and CPD and it is therefore important that the nurse understand the role and the potential of reflection. Different ways to reflect in practice can be approached; however, there are evident barriers to reflection within a care setting including time because of the busy environment a hospital encompasses or lack of motivation if the vast majority of health care practitioners are not undertaking it. The NHS has to implement ways in which all healthcare professionals can reflect in their practice to enhance patient care, as one of the NHSs main aims is to improve the care of patients.

The Project that Made Me Want to Become an English Professor Essay

As I studied the faces of my classroom peers, searching frantically for another face interested in the thought-provoking discussion on escape velocity, I suddenly realized that I was temporarily engaged in an exercise in futility. My classmates were not interested, and my teacher, as a result, was beginning to falter in his explanation of the long-distance travel concepts. I realized, with something akin to horror, that the general apathy was beginning to affect me, as I had to stifle a large yawn. Now, such a thing would be routine, perhaps, at many schools around the nation. But my school prides itself on being the exception to the norm, and, more often than not, achieves its goal of attentive, involved, self-motivated students. Our project-based curriculum provides the perfect opportunity for any student who wants to do more than the endless repetition often inherent in the typical high school. At the end of each trimester we have something concrete, a portfolio or model, to show exactly how we designed our own restaurant, or organized a manned mission to Mars. "Club Mars" was the second trimester project of junior year. Hence, the review of escape velocity equations. In the first trimester, we had sent unmanned space probes to analyze the Martian environment and report the data back to Earth. Now the time had come to transport ten thousand people to the Red Planet, set up a colony, and maintain peace and harmony among the residents I liked the premise. To "set the stage" for the project, in my social studies class I was asked to define the value system of my group's utopia by ranking the importance of ten qualities that make a successful city. The list included health care, pollut... ...never succeed. People would object to the idea of a society of "smart people," though that isn't even my intention. Edutopia would work well in theory, but just as with Communism, not in practice. I remain undaunted that my dream society is unattainable. Instead, I am just happy to realize what is important in my life: education. Before I discovered that Edutopia was my idea of paradise, I had never realized that education was so important to me. After my completion of the project, I re-examined my career and life goals. I had always loved English and writing and thought I would end up in publishing. Then I considered education, and now I intend to eventually become an English professor. The "Club Mars" project changed my educational aspiration, and gave me greater knowledge of my own value system. It truly made a difference in my life. The Project that Made Me Want to Become an English Professor Essay As I studied the faces of my classroom peers, searching frantically for another face interested in the thought-provoking discussion on escape velocity, I suddenly realized that I was temporarily engaged in an exercise in futility. My classmates were not interested, and my teacher, as a result, was beginning to falter in his explanation of the long-distance travel concepts. I realized, with something akin to horror, that the general apathy was beginning to affect me, as I had to stifle a large yawn. Now, such a thing would be routine, perhaps, at many schools around the nation. But my school prides itself on being the exception to the norm, and, more often than not, achieves its goal of attentive, involved, self-motivated students. Our project-based curriculum provides the perfect opportunity for any student who wants to do more than the endless repetition often inherent in the typical high school. At the end of each trimester we have something concrete, a portfolio or model, to show exactly how we designed our own restaurant, or organized a manned mission to Mars. "Club Mars" was the second trimester project of junior year. Hence, the review of escape velocity equations. In the first trimester, we had sent unmanned space probes to analyze the Martian environment and report the data back to Earth. Now the time had come to transport ten thousand people to the Red Planet, set up a colony, and maintain peace and harmony among the residents I liked the premise. To "set the stage" for the project, in my social studies class I was asked to define the value system of my group's utopia by ranking the importance of ten qualities that make a successful city. The list included health care, pollut... ...never succeed. People would object to the idea of a society of "smart people," though that isn't even my intention. Edutopia would work well in theory, but just as with Communism, not in practice. I remain undaunted that my dream society is unattainable. Instead, I am just happy to realize what is important in my life: education. Before I discovered that Edutopia was my idea of paradise, I had never realized that education was so important to me. After my completion of the project, I re-examined my career and life goals. I had always loved English and writing and thought I would end up in publishing. Then I considered education, and now I intend to eventually become an English professor. The "Club Mars" project changed my educational aspiration, and gave me greater knowledge of my own value system. It truly made a difference in my life.

Literature on Recruitment Essay

1.Ours and Ridder (1992) introduced a novel method to test the hypothesis that firms search sequentially based (in which applicants are screened as they show up) on the relationship between the number of (rejected) job applicants and the number of employees hired. The author used data compiled from filled vacancies for the Netherlands. Different types of search methods were distinguished. The results implied that when firms use advertising, private or 76 public employment agencies, which together cover about 45 per cent of filled vacancies, sequential search is rejected. For about 55 per cent of filled vacancies however, sequential search cannot be rejected. In line with theoretical considerations, when firms use search methods that rely on social networks, sequential search cannot be rejected. 2. Gorter, Nijkamp, and Rietveld, (1993) surveyed the Dutch labor market for recruitment channels and its impact on the vacancy duration. The authors found that labor market segmentation plays an important role in the choice of the recruitment channels; in particular, advertising appears to maximize the difference between expected costs and expected benefits when the vacancy concerned belongs to the primary segment of the labor market, while when it belongs to the secondary segment the preferred recruitment channel seems to be the labor exchange office. By using a piece-wise constant hazard rate, they argued that from the analysis of the time pattern of the hazard rate one may conclude that when advertising is used employers search non-sequentially, while if the informal channel is used employers tend to search sequentially. 3. While Gorter and Ommeren (1994) pushed the analysis one step further. The authors concluded that two main recruitment strategies can be identified: a sequential use of search channels, in which the first search channel chosen is usually the informal channel, and additional search channels are activated one after the other; and an â€Å"adding to the pool† strategy in which the first search channel chosen is basically advertisement and later one or more search channels are activated in order to enrich the pool of available applicants. 4. Redman and Mathews (1995) used eleven hundred cases to examine the effectiveness of recruitment advertisements. Findings showed that, in 1980s there was an increase in public sector recruitment advertising (from 20.8 per cent to 37.8 per cent) and a corresponding decrease in private sector (from 79.2 per cent to 62.2 per cent) over the decade. At the same time the authors mentioned two main problems of recruitment advertisement designers. First, with the supply in labour market in 1993, there was a need for limited and selective response from those readily available skills in order to minimise time and cost consumed by screening, short-listing and selection. Second, despite the general over supply of the labour market, skill shortages remained a problem in number of areas. 5. Mencken & Winfield (1998) had explored the advantages and disadvantages of informal and formal recruiting practices in external labour markets. The data was analysed from 1981 Metropolitan Employer-Worker Survey (MEWS). Based on random-digit-dial telephone survey of 2,713 adults, the authors had constructed seven dichotomous dependent variables. The author found that cost made employment agencies less attractive to hiring managers for whom quality rather than volume was the primary concern. 6. Carroll, Marchington, Earnshaw and Taylor (1999) in their study on recruitment in small firms, aimed to find out how practices in small firms compare with the perspective â€Å"textbook† procedures; whether those were seen by small firms as appropriate to their needs; the recruitment problems small firms faced, and what strategies they had adopted to overcome them. 7. Kinder (2000) examined a new model for decomposing e-commerce. The paper suggested that use of the Internet in recruitment processes is likely to change the interface between internal and external labor markets for many firms. The paper predicted that the conceptions behind current research programs in labor market theory may require rethinking in the Internet era. 8. Weiss and Barbeite (2001) focused on reactions to Internet-based job sites. To this end, they developed a web-based survey that addressed the importance of job site features, privacy issues, and demographics. They found that the Internet was clearly preferred as a source of finding jobs. In particular, respondents liked job sites that had few features and required little personal information. Yet, older workers and women felt less comfortable disclosing personal information at job sites. Men and women did not differ in terms of preference for web site features, but women were less comfortable providing information online. 9. A study by Lockyer and Scholarios (2004) on selecting hotel staff, considered the nature of â€Å"best practice† for recruitment and selection. Data from Scottish hotels indicated a reliance on 79 informal methods, particularly in smaller hotels. In larger and chain hotels, structured procedures, including references, application forms and panel interviews, were evident, but, these methods were inadequate for dealing with recruitment and quality problems. 10. A research carried by Henkens, Remery and Schippers (2005) on recruiting personnel in a tight labour market aimed to analyse the instruments employers used to contact with potential workers and to find out, to what extent employers rely on traditional means like advertisement in the news paper or do they behave more actively using world wide web, visiting job fares etc. 11. A study conducted by Rafaeli, Hadomi, and Simons (2005) involved a plant located in Israel and focused on three recruitment methods: employee referrals, geographically focused ads (i.e., the local newspaper), and geographically unfocused ads (i.e., a national newspaper). They found that referrals generated more applicants, more hires, and a higher yield ratio (hires/applicants) than geographically focused ads which, in turn, outperformed unfocused ads on these three criteria. 12. A study conducted by Chand and Katou (2007) on the impact of HRM practices on organizational performance in the Indian hotel industry, investigated the affect of HRM systems on organizational performance in the hotel industry in India. A total of 439 hotels, ranging from three-star to five-star deluxe, responded to a self-administered questionnaire that measure 27 HRM practices. Factor analysis was performed to identify HRM systems, and correlation analysis was used to test the relation between HRM systems and organizational performance. The results indicated that hotel performance is positively related to HRM 80 systems of recruitment and selection, manpower planning, job designs, training and development, quality circles, and pay systems. 13. Breaugh (2008) had discussed employee recruitment and its important areas for future research, where he had reviewed research on recruitment topics that have received considerable attention (e.g., recruitment methods, realistic job previews). He had also addressed topics (e.g., targeted recruitment, the site visit) that have received relatively little attention but that have the potential to be quite important. The author suggested that, before making decisions concerning recruitment issues as what recruitment methods to use, an organization should thoughtfully establish its recruitment objectives.

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte Free Online Research Papers The summer of 1793 found France in a state of absolute turmoil. The lower and middle classes were getting restless, sick of the unfair treatment imposed upon them by the nobles and aristocracy. There was administrative instability and financial insecurity, due to the extravagant spending of the monarchy. Along with increasing taxes on the Third Estate, there was a shortage of food supplies. Peasants were outraged at their deteriorating standards of life and that the fact they were expected to support the clergy and the nobles’ wasteful expenditures through their hard-earned income. The middle class were at the end of their rope, tethered to their place in society due to their familial restrictions. Bitter and resentful of these limitations, these two classes were desperate for some change; desperate for a world where your wealth was not based on your family tree, but a world where if you had merit, you could succeed. It is only fitting that the man to head these changes would be Napoleon Bonaparte. Born in Ajacco, on the small island of Corsica in 1769 , Napoleon was the second son of a large family which did not have much money. Corsica was a small part of the French empire, shunted off to the side, and looked down upon by the French. Corsica had recently been taken over by France after Genoese rule, so Napoleon was French by all means. Even though he was Corsican, he and his family were later exiled. As Robespierre put it, â€Å"I add to the names of patriots I have already mentioned citizen Bonaparte, general in command artillery, a man of transcendent merit. He is Corsican, and brings me the simple guarantee of a man of that country who resisted the blandishments of Paoli, and whose property has been destroyed by that traitor.† This shows he no longer had any attachment to Corsica, and was fully supportive of France. His family also changed the spelling of their surname to Bonaparte to sound more French. As a boy, he was absolutely enthralled by the military. When he was younger, his siblings would paint puppets but Napoleon would paint soldiers. However, when he arrived at military school in France, it was clear from his clothes and rough accent that he was not as privileged as the rest of them. He was quite indignant how even if he was smarter than these boys, he would not be given a chance because of his social class. Continuously shunned, he strove to prove himself with his intelligence. He went through military school with flying colors. A gifted mathematician, he devoted himself to learning about previous battles and tactics that would have prevailed more successfully. After finishing school, he chose to become an artillery specialist. This field was based on skill rather than family connections. Through intensive studying, he quickly became an artillery expert. Usually, someone of his birth would not become very influential within the army, but due to a succession of fortuna te (for him) events, Napoleon quickly rose to power. In 1793, France declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain. Toulon was to launch his military career. General Du Teil was astounded, recommending him to his superiors, â€Å"I lack words to list Bonaparte’s merits: much science, and equal intelligence, and perhaps even too much courage. You, the Ministers, must consecrate him to the glory of the Republic.† Napoleon quickly took the world by storm after his victory at Toulon. By 1796, France had subdued most of its attackers and had only to deal with Austria. Napoleon was placed in charge of this campaign to invade Italy and Piedmont. He was hopeful of another chance to prove his worth, but was disappointed with these 37,000 bedraggled, hopeless soldiers who all lacked supplies. He brought around an incredible change of spirit through rousing speeches: â€Å"All of you are consumed with a desire to extend the glory of the French people; all of you long to humiliate those arrogant kings who dare to contemplate placing us in fetters; you desire to dictate a glorious peace, one which will indemnify the Patrie for the immense sacrifices it has made; all of you wish to be able to say with pride as you return to your villages, â€Å"I was with the victorious army of Italy!† He instilled in these soldiers a craving to prove themselves, to prove they were good enough for their motherland. Napoleon uses the ideology of nationalism to perfection. He effe ctively united this frenzied nation so they could be proud as a whole of its accomplishments. After his astounding success at Toulon, he was placed in charge of an army of 50,000 to invade Egypt. Soldiers began to become afflicted by the plagueThere is even a painting of him visiting soldiers with Black Death. Due to images like these, which one may even call propaganda; Napoleon is remembered as a commander who went above and beyond for his troops. However, it is said that Napoleon ordered a fatal dose of opium for those too sick to travel, so they would not slow others down. This type of secret and decisive maneuvering shows the means Napoleon took to save France from foreign threats. Also, an effective leader is willing to take harsh measures in order to save his people as a whole. Not only that, but Napoleon was compassionate to the people he conquered. â€Å"Do not contradict them [Egyptians]. Behave towards them as we dealt with the Jews, or with the Italians. Respect their muftis and their imams, as you have respected rabbis and bishops. Be tolerant towards cerem onies prescribed by the Koran, as you were tolerant to the convents, the synagogues, the religion of Moses and of Jesus ChristHere you will encounter ways which are different from those of Europe. You must get accustomed to them.† He was by all means an effective an accepting leader. He knew what it took to placate conquered peoples. Napoleon was the perfect mixture of compassion and justice; he knew what it took to get ahead, while still minding the feelings of those who were vital in his plans. To the people of France, Napoleon was the man who pulled them from the dark depths the French Revolution had dragged them into. They were overjoyed at having an adept ruler who was able to protect and fortify France. Napoleon was now seen as even stronger than the Directory, the regime in France at the time. Extremely shaky, the Directory only survived as long as it did because of Napoleon’s consistent military victories. In 1789, there was a successful coup d’à ©tat and the Directory was overthrown. France was constantly evolving, and it needed a leader that was capable and flexible enough to deal with them. After disposing of the Directory, he declared himself first consul and imposed a new constitution. In 1804, he named himself emperor. Yet, people did not revolt. In fact, he asked the people of France vote on it. Life under Napoleon was much better than of years past. He undertook many reforms. Napoleon encouraged more production in factories and started many new government programs. He improved roadways and bridges by having them repaired and lengthened, centralizing everything. Providing jobs, he also had the tunnels and canals renovated. Many French cities underwent new changes, with sewer systems being renovated and many impressive structures being built. Not only that, Napoleon created lycà ©es which consolidated learning in France. This creation allowed for pupils to learn and be educated regardless of social status. One of his most important reforms was the Civil Code. The Civil Code was a body of laws which applied to all of France. The Civil Code effectively ended feudal privilege, and made things much more secular and not as dependent on the clergy. These laws applied to anyone, regardless of their social status. There was no special treatment and everyone was truly equal. One vital part of the Code stated an individual had all rights to his property and it could not be taken away. While this Code focused on strengthening patriarchal society, it also gave women the power to divorce and inheritance. And considering the times, Napoleon’s France was egalitarian. Women had much more rights than before, and social status began to count for less and less. The Code was an effective way of spreading Enlightenment ideals and unify the country. History sees Napoleon as a ruthless tyrant and dictator; however, he did what was best for France at the time. He was their liberator; a decisive and effective ruler who ensured France’s rise to power after the French Revolution. Not only that, he was loved by the people because he truly loved France and did everything possible for it. Napoleon Bonaparte spread the ideals of the Enlightenment more effectively than the philosophes. So how did this diminutive man standing at a mere 5’2† become the ruler of France? By effectively taking advantage of the chaotic state of France. He took this almost ruined country off its knees and gave it something to live for. He was the hero everybody admired. An incredible rags-to-riches story, Napoleon was the poster child of meritocracy. Based on his skills alone, he had to risen to the position of emperor. Napoleon truly cared, â€Å"I had but one goal: to reunite all, reconcile all, have all hatreds forgotten, bring everyone together, gather together so many divergent elements and compose tem anew in one whole: one France and one Patrie.† Napoleon Bonaparte was not a tyrant, just Machiavellian. Modern society looks down upon Napoleon because he had a dictatorship but when asked why he did not re-establish the Republic or the Consulate when he came back into power, he answered, â€Å"Because the Empire was more popular than the Republic.† And that is what makes the difference between a dictator and one of the most popular leaders of all time. He was loved. He was treasured. He saw France through its most prosperous and powerful eras. Bibliography Bonaparte, Napoleon. Napoleon: Destroyer and Preserver of the Revolution.† Sources of the Western Tradition. 2003. Bonaparte, Napoleon. Correspondence. 4, no.2723, p.270, Alexandria, proclamation of 2 July 1798. Englund, Steven. Napoleon: A Political Life. New York: Sribner, 2004. Horne, Alistair. The Age of Napoleon. New York: Random House, Inc., 2004. Johnson, Paul. Napoleon. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 2002. Landau, Elaine. Napoleon Bonaparte. Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books, 2006. Lyons, Martyn. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994. McLynn, Frank. Napoleon. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1997. ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/david/st-bernard.jpg [cover] nycgrl413@yahoo.com Research Papers on Biography of Napoleon BonaparteAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Best Babe Didrikson Zaharias Quotes

Best Babe Didrikson Zaharias Quotes Babe Didrikson Zaharias was an outstanding athlete from her early years. She excelled in basketball, track and field, and golf. In track and field, she won medals or established world records in five different events. After winning two gold and one silver medal in the 1932 Olympics at Los Angeles, she played basketball, appeared at major league baseball exhibition games, and finally switched to golf. She married George Zaharias in 1938, and died of cancer in 1956. A favorite with the press, she often did not get along well with other athletes, who resented her aggressiveness and self-promotion. It has been argued that Babe Didrikson Zaharias was the greatest woman athlete ever. Quotations by Babe Didrikson Zaharias All of my life I have always had the urge to do things better than anybody else. You cant win them all- but you can try. I am out to beat everybody in sight, and that is just what Im going to do. You have to play by the rules of golf just as you have to live by the rules of life. Theres no other way. Study the rules so that you wont beat yourself by not knowing something. Before I was in my teens, I knew exactly what I wanted to be: I wanted to be the best athlete who ever lived. Luck? Sure. But only after long practice and only with the ability to think under pressure. The formula for success is simple: practice and concentration then more practice and more concentration. The more you practice, the better. But in any case, practice more than you play. Practice, which some regard as a chore, should be approached as just about the most pleasant recreation ever devised, besides being a necessary part of golf. Its not enough just to swing at the ball. Youve got to loosen your girdle and let er fly. Golf is a game of coordination, rhythm and grace; women have these to a high degree. Good golf is easier to play and far more pleasant than bad golf. I played with boys rather than girls. I preferred baseball, football, foot-racing and jumping with the boys, to hop-scotch and jacks and dolls, which were about the only things girls did. Get toughened up by playing boys games, but dont get tough. Winning has always meant much to me, but winning friends has meant the most. You know when theres a star, like in show business, the star has her name in lights on the marquee! Right? And the star gets the money because the people come to see the star, right? Well, Im the star, and all of you are in the chorus. As long as Im improving, I will go on, and besides, theres too much money in the business to quit. The Babe is here. Whos coming in second? Quotes About Babe Didrikson Zaharias On her gravestone:Â  Babe Didrikson Zaharias, 1911-1956, Worlds Greatest Woman Athlete Grantland Rice (Sportswriter) She is beyond all belief until you finally see her perform. Then you finally understand that you are looking at the most flawless section of muscle harmony, of complete mental and physical coordination, the world of sport has ever seen. Paul Gallico (in Sports Illustrated) It may be another 50 or 75 years before such a performer as Mildred Didrikson Zaharias again enters the lists. For even if some yet unborn games queen matches her talent, versatility, skill, patience and will to practice, along with her flaming competitive spirit, ... there still remains the little matter of courage and character, and in these departments the Babe must be listed with the champions of all times. Betty Dodd (Golfer and Companion of Babe Didrikson Zaharias) I had such admiration for this fabulous person. I never wanted to be away from her even when she was dying of cancer. I loved her. I wouldve done anything for her.

Quality of Life and Survivorship (Cancer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Typewriter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Typewriter - Essay Example In private homes, people used it usually for the business correspondence with their lawyers, proprietors and other official purposes. They ruled over the business world for more than a century. Nineteenth century became the century of typewriters. There were quite many modifications within the existing machine, but they still had no replacements (Williams, 2003). The advent of the word processors in the end of nineteenth century took the place of typewriters in the western world, and many of the uses of the typewriters were replaced. The typewriters started to become obsolete but they were still very prominent in their use in some countries where the economy was not good or the advancement of technology was behind the western worlds. It is still very popularly used in some Countries in Africa and India. WHAT IS A TYPEWRITER? A typewriter is a mechanical or an electromechanical machine, it writes the characters in a very similar way as the characters are written when we use prin ters. The keyboard operated types when the keys are struck. The keys when struck produce an impression with the use of ink transfer or carbon impression on the paper (Wershler-Henry, 2007). Manufacturers who were in business became quite famous for their manufactured typewriters and made quite a lot of profit from it. The famous companies that were involved during the middle of nineteenth century in the making of typewriters were E. Remington and Sons,  IBM,  Imperial Typewriters,  Oliver Typewriter Company,  Olivetti, Royal Typewriter Company,  Smith Corona, and  Underwood Typewriter Company (Marie, 2006). The main concept and design of the typewriter is same, but due to the ever increasing demand of the typewriters there were many inventors who were working together or independently just to make the machine perfect. Many of the inventors were working in contest with each other while some were working for the increased social benefit. The innovations that were carried out on the typewriters were all incremental. Many people provided insights as to the improvement of the machine and the result was a more commercially useful instrument. It has been estimated that the number of times the innovations that have occurred are around fifty two to make it more workable and profitable for the business. Earlier ribbon was used for typing but then introduction of print ball made typing more easier (Kittler, Young and Wutz, 1999). HISTORY OF TYPEWRITERS AND THEIR EVOLUTION The first of its kind was a machine that was built by Henry Mill in 1714 (Marie, 2006). He had obtained a patent for a machine that was very much similar to the typewriter. The reviews that could be found about the machine all relate to a machine that could be used to write letters. The machine was said to be so perfect that it enabled the letters to be transcribed or printed on a sheet of paper in such a perfect and neat manner that it could be used repeatedly and the perfection in th e printed pages remained synchronous. It was a machine that was considered as a perfect solution for all the correspondence either business or commercial. It was considered as a machine that would produce quite a lot of ease in the maintenance of the public records as well. The reason it was considered as a more effective way as compared to the manual writing that was done to keep the records was because the print stayed for a longer time period (Daniell and Mortensen, 2007). The typewriter that continued to be in

Did the international discontinuities that resulted from the treaties Term Paper

Did the international discontinuities that resulted from the treaties ending World War I led to World War II - Term Paper Example Later, they were joined by Bulgaria. There is no a single agreed date on which the war ended. However, many historians point to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles as the beginning of the end of the state of war, even though actual fighting had stopped several months earlier. It was after the treaty was signed that many soldiers that were serving abroad began to return to their countries. Besides the Treaty of Versailles, the ratification of several other peace treaties led to the end of the First World War. The Paris Peace Conference initiated and imposed these treaties (Trachtenberg, 2000). This paper answers the question posed in the title above in the affirmative. In order to justify this position, the Treaty of Versailles and four other treaties will be examined, and an attempt made to illustrate how they led to the Second World War. These other four treaties are the Treaties of Saint-Germain, Trianon, SÃ ¨vres and Lausanne. As the Treaty of Versailles was the most important of them all, more space will be devoted to it. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on the 28th day of June in 1919, precisely five years after Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria was assassinated. Their assassination in Sarajevo had triggered World War I on the 28th day of June in 1914. The Treaty of Versailles brought to an end the state of war that had persisted between Germany and the Allied Powers (Trachtenberg, 2000). Separate treaties dealt with the other Central Powers that were allied to Germany. The armistice ratified on the 11th day of November had ended the actual fighting. However, it took another six months of active negotiations at the Peace Conference of Paris to finalize the treaty. The Secretariat of the League of Nations incorporated the treaty on October 21, 1919 and printed it in the League of Nations Treaty Series. The Treaty of Versailles had many provisions. However, the single most important and most controversial

Natural Selection Essay Example for Free

Natural Selection Essay Natural selection, according to Gulick, is the process through which heritable attributes that are beneficial or vital for survival and reproduction become a common thing in a population, whereas harmful characteristics become rare (p, 27). Natural selection occurs as a result of successful reproduction by persons who have advantageous traits (Darwin p, 39). This results in adoption of beneficial traits by the subsequent generation. Over a number of generations, adaptations take place through successful combination of small, random alterations in traits, as well as natural selection of the changes best suited for a particular environment. Genetic drift on the other hand results in production of random alterations in the number of characteristics in a population. Genetic drift occurs as a result of the role played by chance in determining whether an individual will live on and reproduce (Starr, Taggart, and Starr p, 415). The greatest controversies of biology are found in the unity and diversity of life. Naturalists have greatly employed Darwins explanation of unity or organic forms in order to resolve this controversy. Darwin applied the concept of evolution to every living thing including human beings, and claimed that all individuals, who belong to the same species, reveal some sort of variation between them (Goodenough, Wallace, and McGuire p, 9). According to Darwin, individuals who have advantageous features, for both reproduction and survival, pass them down through genetic inheritance from one generation to the other. Darwin teaches that variation, on which natural selection plays a role, is basically of small magnitude and that indefinite variation in all directions as well as the progressive accumulation of a particular series of variations, all resulting in the production of a novel species, occurs as a result of natural selection (Gulick, 28). In his theory of natural selection, Darwin stated that only those organisms that have the advantageous characteristics that suit a particular environmental condition are selected by nature. Natural selection, therefore, turns out to be a vital aspect in the evolution process (Darwin p, 45). Unity and diversity of life comprises of the dual facets of life on earth. Natural selection gives an account of the relatedness among organisms in a population by revelation that different animal species are related through descent from a common ancestor (Gulick p, 25). Modern animals, including man, are believed to have originated from a common simple ancestor. However, as a result of increased complexity, modern species appear different from the ancestral species. Nevertheless, a remarkable evidence of unity of life is revealed by the similarities in the molecular structure of species. Modern molecular studies reveal biochemical similarities between different species. Comparison of DNA sequences between human beings and apes reveal a close genetic similarity. This reveals that these two species probably had a common ancestor (Starr, Taggart, and Starr p, 410). Natural selection also gives an account of the great diversity that is displayed by modern species. Organisms that have distinct traits that enable them to live in environmental niches not occupied by similar organisms, according to Starr, Taggart and Starr, possess a greater chance of surviving (p, 410). Over generations, species which originated from a common ancestor have diversified in addition to occupying more and more environmental niches in order to take advantage of unutilized resources. Modern species are a phase in the progression of evolution, and their diversity results in the development of a series of speciation as well as extinction. Diversity of life, according to Gulick, does not result in development of a completely new and unique organism, but rather in organisms that share certain morphological similarities (p, 27). Vestigial characteristics that have no specific role resemble functional ancestral characteristics, and as a result, organisms can be categorized using these similarities into a ladder of connected groups. Work cited: Darwin, Charles. Natural Selection: The Global Struggle for Existence, ISBN 1565430824: Lulu. com, 2008 Goodenough, Judith. Wallace, Robert. and McGuire, Betty. Human biology: personal, environmental, and social concerns, ISBN 0030012813: Saunders College Pub. , 1998 Gulick, John. Evolution, Racial and Habitual, Controlled by Segregation, ISBN 1115895672 BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009 Starr, Cecie. Taggart, Ralph. and Starr, Lisa. Biology: the unity and diversity of life, 10th edn, ISBN 0534388000: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004